hmmm...focus

Topic 5: Guidelines  for writing paragraphs
1. Characteristics  of the paragraph :

• Unity : must have single generalisation as the focus of attention, control the content of every sentence, stick to main point, avoid irrelevancies
• Coherence: the sentence are clear, logical & grammatically correct.

2. Revising for coherence:

• check the topic sentence
• avoid mixed constructions
• use pronouns that refer only to identifiable antecedents
• use similar grammatical structures to achieve balance in sentence
• use transition words to help the reader move easily through your writing
• repeat key words to attract & hold ur reader's attention

3. The point paragraph outline (PPO)
-Purposes: will make the focus & evidence of the paragraph more specific & clearer, makes it easier to comprehend.

4. Process for planning PPO:

• Choose a topic
• use pre-writing techniques  to generate ideas
• construct a possible topic sentence with controlling ideas
• begin constructing the PPO
• modify the topic sentence
• write a concluding sentence that summarises, offer solution, make recommendation/prediction

5. Organising your essay
-All essays have 3 parts: beginning(introduction), middle (body), end (conclusion)
a) The introduction has 3 parts: opening sentences, transition, thesis statement
b) The body (not Heidi Klum tau..hehe) comprises 3-4 paragraphs
c) The conclusion :summarises the ideas mentioned & concludes the essay

6. NARRATIVE ESSAYS
-relates a series of events
-action plays a central role in a narrative writing
-conflicts: motivate & construct the action
-points of view: either use 1st person or 3rd person
-main events: comprised of several events
-dialogue: can assist in involving the reader into the story
-punctuated correctly to denote the shift from 1 speaker to another
-planning & drafting: 1) brainstorming session 2) construct a framework to show main events 3) insert dialogues appropriately & logically, denote resolution to the conflict 5) get some feedback
-writing the supporting details
-Steps to follow:

• write the topic sentence
• write the supporting ideas
• write some examples
• relate the ideas

7. COMPARE-CONTRAST WRITING
-to observe on 1 or more subjects for likeness, differences or people, concepts & places
-share the same ground in selecting items for the comparison/contrast
-Organising a C/C writing:

• the block/ parallel pattern
• alternating/ intergrated method
• using analogy (know common item, different subjects must give important similarities, light up truly, just a few)

-Planning & drafting:

• select appropriate organisation pattern to cater details
• brainstorm suitable supporting details
• use introduction to identify the topic
• determine the length & details 
• writing about familiar subject 1st
• end the essay with recommendation/ prediction

8. DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
-is a word picture which portrays a scene, create images in a reader's mind
-purpose: to express oneself, to entertain & to inform
-important to know the audience's profile (level, reasons for reading, attitudes, expectations, knowledge, response & level of language)
-Steps in DW:

• prominent sensation/Idea
• perspective point (fixed / from a moving point)
• choosing facts
• organising facts
• planning & drafting the description

-Patterns of organisation for descriptive writing:

• vintage point/ spatial organisation
• time sequence
• dominant impressions
• selection of details 

-3 characteristics of a purely descriptive essay:

• has 1, clear dominant impression 
• can be objective or subjective
• the reader able to visualise what is written by the author

-Strategies in descriptive writing:

• give the details first, dominant impression built from these details
• details should be consistent
• use then & now approach to show decoy, change or improvement
• select emotion & describe it

I need caffeine....arghhhh

 9.PROCESS WRITING : EXPLAINING HOW
-Types of process analysis writing: 1) audience who is going to do the process 2) audience who is not
-Guideline for collecting information to write the process: 1) list down all the steps 2) evry steps must have rationale

 10. CAUSE & EFFECT PARAGRAPH
-cause & effect cant be separated but associated & jointly make up causation
-arranging & outlining the causal analysis: 1) brainstorm the topic for supporting details 2) dealing with the effect 3) study for comprehensiveness 4) classify issues & specify ur plan
-a) cause-effect paragraphs (CCP), b) organisation of cause-effect paragraph, c) cause-effect connectors, d) cause-effect paragraph frames, e) classification paragraph, f) choosing categories,  g) types of classification, h) increasing categories

11. EXPLANATION PARAGRAPH
-can explain a process, define a term, make a concept clear
-the objectives:

• learn generate ideas, 
• plan & organise EP, 
• know the collectors most often used
• practice analysing
• know the purpose

-Process Paragraph (PP) : describe how to do something, organised in choronological order
-Steps in writing PP:

• choose a topic that is narrow enough to be described
• give details in correct order
• give reasons for the order
• use chronological order to assist the reader

-Chronological connectors: a) sentence introducers(1st, 2nd, then...)  b) time intoducers (before, after, while....)

-Passive Voice (PV) : used to give process paragraph more objectivity.
-is used: 1) when the doer is not important, 2) when the doer is not known, 3) when the doer wants to be less important than his research.

12. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
-Guidelines:

• checklist for persuasive writing
• identify the audiences for writing
• choose a suitable tone
• select a topic
• the writing process: planning, shapinh, drafting, revising
• writing paragraphs
• use evidence to read, think & write critically
• analysing cause & effect using inductive & deductive reasoning
• do not use logical fallacies

penat dah..makan dulu untuk penambahan kalori...huhuhu